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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (; 19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Nüfus Hüviyet Cüzdanı. (24.11.1934) )〕 Atatürk was a military officer during World War I.〔Zürcher, ''Turkey : a modern history'', 142〕 Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, and women were given equal civil and political rights, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced.〔Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe, second edition〕 His government also carried out an extensive policy of Turkification. The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism. ==Early life== Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in the early months of 1881, either in the Ahmed Subaşı neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica,〔Mango, ''ibid'', p. 29, about neighbourhoods of Salonica, cf. Meropi Anastassiadou, ''Salonique, 1830–1912: une ville ottomane à l'âge des Réformes'', Brill, 1997, ISBN 90-04-10798-3, (p. 71. ) 〕 Ottoman Empire, to Zübeyde Hanım, a housewife, and Ali Rıza Efendi, a militia officer, title-deed clerk and lumber trader. Only one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named Makbule (Atadan) survived childhood; she died in 1956.〔Cemal Çelebi Granda, ''Cemal Granda anlatıyor'', Pal Medya ve Organizasyon, 2007, ISBN 978-9944-2-0301-2, (p. )〕 According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim, Turkish-speaking and precariously middle-class.〔Andrew Mango ''Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey'', Overlook Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-58567-334-6, (p. 25 ), p.27ff. – "Feyzullah's family is said to have come from the country near Vodina (now Edhessa in western Greek Macedonia). The surname Sofuzade, meaning 'son of a pious man', suggests that the ancestors of Zübeyde and Ali Rıza had a similar background. Cemil Bozok, son of Salih Bozok, who was a distant cousin of Atatürk and, later, his ADC, claims to have been related to both Ali Rıza's and Zübeyde's families. This would mean that the families of Atatürk's parents were interrelated. Cemil Bozok also notes that his paternal grandfather, Safer Efendi, was of Albanian origin. This may have a bearing on the vexed question of Atatürk's ethnic origin. Atatürk's parents and relatives all used Turkish as their mother tongue. This suggests that some at least of their ancestors had originally come from Turkey, since local Muslims of Albanian and Slav origin who had no ethnic connection with Turkey spoke Albanian, Serbo-Croat or Bulgarian, at least so long as they remained in their native land.'', ''But in looks Ataturk resembled local Albanians and Slavs.() But there is no evidence that either Ali Riza or Zübeyde was descended from such Turkish nomads." page 28; "It is much more likely that Atatürk inherited his looks from his Balkan ancestors.() But Albanians and Slavs are likely to have figured among his ancestors."〕 His father Ali Rıza is thought to have been of Albanian origin by some authors;〔Mango, Andrew, ''Ataturk: the biography of the founder of modern Turkey'', (Overlook TP, 2002), p. 27.〕〔Lou Giaffo: ''Albania: eye of the Balkan vortex''〕〔Jackh, Ernest, ''The Rising Crescent'', (Goemaere Press, 2007), (p. 31, ''Turkish mother and Albanian father'' )〕〔Isaac Frederick Marcosson, ''Turbulent Years'', Ayer Publishing, 1969, (p. 144. )〕〔Richmond, Yale, ''From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans'', (Intercultural Press Inc., 1995), p. 212.〕 however, according to Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamik D. Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz, Ali Rıza's ancestors were Turks, ultimately descending from Söke in the Aydın Province of Anatolia.〔Falih Rıfkı Atay, ''Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar'', İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 17. 〕〔Vamik D. Volkan & Norman Itzkowitz, ''Ölümsüz Atatürk'' (''Immortal Ataturk''), Bağlam Yayınları, 1998, ISBN 975-7696-97-8, p. 37, dipnote no. 6 (Atay, 1980, s. 17)〕 His mother Zübeyde is thought to have been of Turkish origin〔〔 and according to Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, she was of Yörük ancestry.〔Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, ''Tek Adam: Mustafa Kemal'', Birinci Cilt (1st vol.): 1881–1919, 14th ed., Remzi Kitabevi, 1997, ISBN 975-14-0212-3, p. 31. 〕 Due to the sizeable minority of Jews in Selanik during the Ottoman period, many of Atatürk's Islamist opponents have eagerly claimed that he may have Dönme ancestors (Jews who converted to Islam during the Ottoman period.)〔Gershom Scholem, "Doenmeh", ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'', 2nd ed.; Volume 5: Coh-Doz, Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale, 2007, ISBN 0-02-865933-3, p. 732.〕 However, his grandparents were not native to Selanik, and his family had moved to this city (the largest metropolis in Ottoman Rumelia after Istanbul) in the late 19th century, from other provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Because they were from present day Republic of Macedonia where there were Muslim Pomaks adopting Turkish as their language, there are also some suggestions about the possibility of his Slavic origin, based on his light skin complexion, blond hair and blue eyes.〔''Whether, like most Macedonians, he had about him a touch of the hybrid —perhaps of the Slav or Albanian—can only be a matter for surmise.''Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey, Baron Patrick Balfour Kinross, Quill/Morrow, 1992, ISBN 0688112838, p. 8.〕 He was born Mustafa, and his second name ''Kemal'' (meaning ''Perfection'' or ''Maturity'') was given to him by his mathematics teacher, Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi, "in admiration of his capability and maturity" according to Afet Inan,〔Afet Inan, ''Atatürk hakkında hâtıralar ve belgeler'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1959, (p. 8. )〕 and, according to Ali Fuat Cebesoy, because his teacher wanted to distinguish his student who had the same name as him,〔Ali Fuat Cebesoy, ''Sınıf arkadaşım Atatürk: okul ve genç subaylık hâtıraları'', İnkılâp ve Aka Kitabevleri, 1967, (p. 6. ) ''Benim adım Mustafa. Senin adın da Musfata. Arada bir fark olmalı, ne dersin, senin adının sonuna bir de Kemal koyalım.''〕 although his biographer Andrew Mango suggests that he may have chosen the name himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet Namık Kemal.〔Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 37.〕 In his early years, his mother encouraged Mustafa Kemal to attend a religious school, something he did reluctantly and only briefly. Later, he attended the Şemsi Efendi School (a private school with a more secular curriculum) at the direction of his father. His parents wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Mustafa Kemal took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School (''Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi'') in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled into the Monastir Military High School. On 14 March 1899,〔T. C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Ankara: Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, 1972, p. 1. 〕 he enrolled at the Ottoman Military Academy in the neighbourhood of Pangaltı〔Falih Fırkı Atay, ''Çankaya: Atatürk'ün doğumundan ölümüne kadar'', İstanbul: Betaş, 1984, p. 29. 〕 within the Şişli district of the Ottoman capital city Constantinople (now Istanbul) and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the Ottoman Military College in Constantinople on 11 January 1905.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mustafa Kemal Atatürk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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